Vcc generetor - VCC Generator - Virtual Credit Card Generator. 3.0 (2) Average rating 3 out of 5. 2 ratings. Google doesn't verify reviews. Learn more about results and reviews. Generate valid virtual credit card numbers for testing with VCC Generator - supports cards like Visa, Mastercard. Quick & secure!

 
3D Secure. Test a successful card payment: Go to the checkout page for your integration. Choose a test card from this list. Enter the card details in the hosted field, including the name on the card, billing address, and 2-character country code. Then submit the order. Confirm that the order was processed.. Watchonlinemovie

VCC Generator. 8 likes. VCCGenerator generates 100% valid credit card numbers for all major brands with required details sucThe most advanced name generator With 37 languages and 31 countries, the Fake Name Generator is the most advanced name generator on the internet. Generate names, addresses, social security numbers, credit card numbers, occupations, UPS tracking numbers, and more absolutely free.The vcc-generator topic hasn't been used on any public repositories, yet. Explore topics. vcc-generator. vcc-generator. GitHub is where people build software. More than 100 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 420 million projects.rates them into the origin question to generate the reasoning process as well as the answer to the ques-tion. Then, LLMs extract the final answer from the generated text. 3.1 Stage …The Credit Card Number Generator is a specialized utility designed for testing environments. It generates valid yet fictitious credit card numbers, enabling testers to …A fake credit card number generator is an online tool to generate random, valid-looking credit card numbers. These numbers are often used for testing and validation purposes. The primary use of these generators comes in e-commerce applications and payment gateways.Instructions: You may enter name for customized card details. Put "auto" to randomly generate name details. Choose country of origin. When choosing country random generated address details will be choosen from that country. Export on .txt format or .docx complete details which includes Credit Card Number, Name, Address, and CVV.The discord-vcc-generator topic hasn't been used on any public repositories, yet. Explore topics Improve this page Add a description, image, and links to the discord-vcc-generator topic page so that developers can more easily learn about it. Curate this topic ... Working CC Generator with Money (Random Balance) 2023 Credit Card Generator that Work 2023. Using the credit card generator 2023 makes it easy to get credit card numbers. A person can automatically create a set of numbers for use. The credit card generating process is fast and reliable. For those who need access to numbers, this generator comes ... Apart from Credit Card Generator we have also developed a Credit Card Validator tool. This tool provides you with all the details of the card which you can verify and ensure that your card is valid. It has built-in Luhn algorithm checker, which will check your card number against the Luhn algorithm for validating. Namso-gen is a Credit Card Generator (Random). It generates Cards according to users BIN. We have created Namso-gen for various type of Data Testing in Many fields like Ecommerce, Payment Gateway sites and many other applications. It works according to LUNH algorithm (is a simple checksum formula used to validate a variety of identification ...A VCC generator is software that allows users to create virtual credit cards with preset spending limits. This is an excellent way for people to keep an eye on their online spending, as these cards provide an extra layer of security and can monitor precisely how much you spend. They are also great for those who wish to make online purchases but ...The card generator is handy and it provides a lot of benefits to its users. Valid credit card numbers for credit/debit. Validated via Luhn algorithm. Generated credit card numbers via Luhn check. Random month expiration date, exipration year is 4 years from now. Generates 3 digit Card Verification Value CVV Code. Random names.Oct 6, 2023 · In the age of online transactions and digital subscriptions, having a Free Virtual Credit Card (VCC) has become a game-changer. Whether you’re signing up for Netflix, verifying your PayPal account, or conducting secure cross-border transactions, these VCCs offer a hassle-free solution. Let’s dive into the top providers and explore the benefits of using these virtual […] Every credit card number starts with six digits, the sort code, the same for all cards issued by that credit card company. So we offer a real fake visa credit card generator. Each cardholder's account number is in the next six to nine digits. The last digit is the check digit. The Luhn algorithm confirms the validity of a credit card number.Each credit card network has a slightly different layout of card numbers. Visa cards can be identified by the following two features: Visa card numbers begin with a ‘4’. They have a total of 13 or 16 digits. Some examples of Visa card numbers are: 4930 7981 1144 8417. 4811 7406 1378 2814.A VCC or a controlled payment number refers to a randomly generated 16-digit number associated with the actual account. It secures credit card payments and makes online transactions more convenient. Although a VCC is a complimentary service by the card provider, it is not physically issued. Even so, it works similarly to a conventional …Utilizzare i passaggi seguenti per generare un numero di carta di credito Visa. (Se desideri generare più numeri di carte di credito Visa, puoi farlo utilizzando il nostro generatore di carte di credito .) Passaggio 1: Selezionare il PAESE o lasciarlo vuoto per … Benefits of Credit Card Number Generator. Realistic Testing Scenarios: The tool allows testers to mimic real-world financial transactions, offering comprehensive insights into how payment systems behave under varying circumstances. Security Assessment: By generating credit card numbers, testers can assess the effectiveness of security measures ... I would highly recommend vccgenerator.org to other developers or anyone needing to test payment systems. It's a practical, reliable tool that has greatly facilitated my work. However, a more user-friendly design and better online presence could take this service from good to excellent. Date of experience: June 05, 2023. Credit card generators are programs or online services that generate valid credit card numbers. These numbers usually follow a specific pattern known as the Luhn Algorithm, which verifies the validity of a credit card number. Additionally, these tools may generate additional information such as expiration dates, Card Verification Value (CVV ... Oct 20, 2023 · Use the date generator to generate a random date between chosen dates. What is a Date? A date typically refers to a specific day, month, and year, usually in the context of the Gregorian calendar, which is widely used internationally. It represents a point in time and is used to track and identify particular events, appointments, or occurrences. VCC-Generator is a python script that generate VCC for testing purposes only Note:It can't be used for carting1 day ago · A virtual credit card is a temporary digital version of your physical credit card. It allows you to shop online safely by masking your card’s sensitive information with a uniquely generated card number, expiration date and security code. Using a virtual credit card is like paying for every online transaction with a new credit card each time ... About. vcc generator 💥 generate vccs in 2024 💥 generate vccs for example for discord or other services that require a payment method. vcc gen vcc generator credit card generator cc gen credit card gen vcc gen vcc generator credit card generator cc gen credit card gen vcc gen vcc generator credit card generator cc gen credit card genndzdiwewj A credit card generator is a software tool or an online service that generates credit card numbers at random. Despite the fact that these created numbers may resemble real credit card numbers, they are not linked to any real bank accounts or financial institutions. Developers or testers can verify the functionality of web pages without using ... The saw tooth generator is built in this way: The mathematical way to describe the behavior of this is by the following formula: F = (Vcc-2.7) / (RCVpp) where Vcc is the voltage from the power supply, R stands for Resistance, C for the capacitor and Vpp for the output voltage of the wave generated.Protect your payment security. Shield your financial information and protect against credit and debit card fraud with secure, randomly-generated virtual card numbers. Fake Card Generator. Credit Card Validator. Welcome to the Fake Credit Card Generator! You can use this tool to generate random credit card numbers that use valid IINs based on the card scheme chosen, and pass Luhn algorithm verification. You can also generate CVCs and expiration dates if needed. These card numbers are useful for testing ... We give out our credit card information over the phone, over email, and to basically anybody who asks. So why not just publish the number, expiration date an...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Benefits of Credit Card Number Generator. Realistic Testing Scenarios: The tool allows testers to mimic real-world financial transactions, offering comprehensive insights into how payment systems behave under varying circumstances. Security Assessment: By generating credit card numbers, testers can assess the effectiveness of security measures ... The card generator is handy and it provides a lot of benefits to its users. Valid credit card numbers for credit/debit. Validated via Luhn algorithm. Generated credit card numbers via Luhn check. Random month expiration date, exipration year is 4 years from now. Generates 3 digit Card Verification Value CVV Code. Random names.APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr’s free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). What is a credit card generator? A credit card generator is a tool that generates fake credit card numbers, typically for fraudulent purposes. These generators use algorithms to create valid-looking credit card numbers that can be used for online transactions or other purposes. The card generator is handy and it provides a lot of benefits to its users. Valid credit card numbers for credit/debit. Validated via Luhn algorithm. Generated credit card numbers via Luhn check. Random month expiration date, exipration year is 4 years from now. Generates 3 digit Card Verification Value CVV Code. Random names. I was skeptical about using a virtual credit card generator at first, but vcardgenerator completely changed my mind. It was so easy to use and the generated credit card numbers worked perfectly for my online purchases. I even used one to sign up for a free trial and it worked like a charm. Step 1. Open the debit card generator page. Step 2. The tool gives you the choice to pick from the types of debit cards given in the drop-down menu. Step 3. Hit on the Generate debit card tab. Below based on the type of chosen card, the tool will feature a life-like debit card. Étape 1 : Sélectionnez le PAYS ou laissez-le vide pour une valeur aléatoire. Étape 2 : Entrez le numéro CVV/CVC ou laissez-le vide pour une valeur aléatoire. Étape 3 : Sélectionnez le montant ARGENT aléatoire que vous souhaitez afficher sur les détails de la carte de bancaire. Étape 4 : Entrez la DATE D'EXPIRATION ou laissez-la vide ...Generation Z, born in 1995 or later, are likely to completely transform workplace norms in the future, so organizations in general need to understand what makes their future employees tick in order to keep them motivated and help companies grow. Call centers, in particular, will need to be aware of this. Attracted by relatively high salaries ...VCC Generator di 05.03 Tidak ada komentar: Beranda. Langganan: Postingan (Atom) Pengikut. Arsip Blog 2009 (1) Desember (1) VCC Generator; Mengenai Saya. VCC Generator ...How to generate a virtual credit card number. Each card provider may have a different method of generating a virtual credit card number, but the following steps are what people can typically expect: Check to see if the credit provider offers virtual credit cards. Log in to the card's online account. Enroll in the virtual credit card program if ...vcc generator 💥 generate vccs in 2024 💥 generate vccs for example for discord or other services that require a payment method. vcc gen vcc generator credit card generator cc gen credit card gen vcc...You can typically generate a virtual credit card number through your credit card issuer's online account management portal or through a mobile app but here you can also generate a valid virtual credit card number without being linked to any actual credit card accounts. You can specify the expiration date and maximum amount that can be charged ...Daftar kartu kredit virtual dari berbagai bank. Nah, berikut ini macam-macam kartu kredit virtual di Indonesia yang diterbitkan oleh beberapa bank. 1. OctoPay. Layanan teranyar dari CIMB Niaga Indonesia ini menargetkan pengguna Facebook di Tanah Air yang banyaknya bukan main. Untuk mendaftar OctoPay, kita wajib buka rekening … Step # 1: Access the online credit card generator on SmallSEOTools. Step # 2: Select the card brand. Step # 3: Set expiration month and date. Step # 4: Write your required CVV code. Step # 5: Select the quantity from 5, 10, 15, OR 20. Step # 6: Click the Generate button. vcc generator 💥 generate vccs in 2024 💥 generate vccs for example for discord or other services that require a payment method. vcc gen vcc generator credit card generator cc gen credit card gen vcc...$ cd VCC-Generator $ python3 VCC.py. Credits. AnonyminHack5 Spider Anongreyhat. Follow me on github for more tools GitHub. View Github. Generator Scripts Testing Credit Card. John. More posts. John was the first writer to have joined pythonawesome.com. He has since then inculcated very effective writing and reviewing …Instructions: You may enter name for customized card details. Put "auto" to randomly generate name details. Choose country of origin. When choosing country random generated address details will be choosen from that country. Export on .txt format or .docx complete details which includes Credit Card Number, Name, Address, and CVV. Normally, Virtual credit cards (VCCs) are generated by a financial institution, such as a bank or a credit card issuer but anyone can generate a valid virtual credit card as long as you follow Luhn Algorithm which is the algorithm on creating a credit card number. When you generate a VCC, you can instantly use the VCC you generated - it has ... The diesel generator provides critical operational and diagnostic information to aircraft operators and maintenance personnel. Digital generator control module (GCM) features voltage regulation, generator fault protection, and a generator operating parameter display. The GCM monitors the 400 Hz output when 400 Hz is in use and automatically ...Welcome to the Fake Credit Card Generator! You can use this tool to generate random credit card numbers that use valid IINs based on the card scheme chosen, and pass …Credit Card Generated Features. 100% Valid Credit Card Numbers. Generate up to 999 values per click! Luhn algorithm checked. With credit card number validator. Major industry identifier added. 100% FREE to generate Credit Cards. Used for data testing and verification purposes. With random names, address.00:00 - Is VCC generator legit?00:39 - Do any card generators work?01:04 - What happens if you use a credit card generator?01:28 - Do credit card generators ...Here are the steps of the Luhn algorithm: Starting from the rightmost digit, double every second digit. If the result of doubling a digit is greater than 9, then subtract 9 from the result. Add up all the digits (including the doubled digits). If the sum is a multiple of 10 (i.e., the sum ends in 0), then the credit card number is valid. Follow the steps below to generate an American Express credit card number. (Use our Credit Card Generator to create multiple American Express credit card numbers.) Step 1: Please select a COUNTRY from the drop-down menu, or leave it blank for a random value. Step 2: Enter the CVV/CVC number, or leave it blank for a random value. VCC Generator - Virtual Credit Card Generator. 3.0 (2) Average rating 3 out of 5. 2 ratings. Google doesn't verify reviews. Learn more about results and reviews. Generate valid virtual credit card numbers for testing with VCC Generator - supports cards like Visa, Mastercard. Quick & secure!Every credit card number starts with six digits, the sort code, the same for all cards issued by that credit card company. So we offer a real fake visa credit card generator. Each cardholder's account number is in the next six to nine digits. The last digit is the check digit. The Luhn algorithm confirms the validity of a credit card number. Working CC Generator with Money (Random Balance) 2023 Credit Card Generator that Work 2023. Using the credit card generator 2023 makes it easy to get credit card numbers. A person can automatically create a set of numbers for use. The credit card generating process is fast and reliable. For those who need access to numbers, this generator comes ... $ cd VCC-Generator $ python3 VCC.py. Credits. AnonyminHack5 Spider Anongreyhat. Follow me on github for more tools GitHub. View Github. Generator Scripts Testing Credit Card. John. More posts. John was the first writer to have joined pythonawesome.com. He has since then inculcated very effective writing and reviewing …Namso Gen is live credit card generator that can give you credit card numbers instantly. These credit card numbers are created by algorithm and use for different testing related …CREDIT CARD GENERATOR. VCCGenerator generates 100% valid test credit card numbers for all major brands with required details such as Name, Address, Expiry, …credit card number generator.. At Fakecreditcard.co you can easily generate major credit card numbers such as Visa card, MasterCard, American Express, JCB Card and Discover Card. The credit cards numbers are digits generated based on a mathematical formula that complied with the standard format of the Luhn algorithm (mod 10).VCCWave is a trusted platform that offers secure Virtual Credit Card (VCC) solutions. It provides a range of services, including a Free Virtual Credit Card Generator. With VCCWave's free tool, users can effortlessly …VCC Generator - Your Free Virtual Credit Card Generator Unlock a new level of payment testing with VCC Generator, the ultimate tool for generating virtual credit card numbers quickly and effortlessly. 🚀 Powered by: https://creditcardgenerator.app/ Why VCC Generator Stands Out? 💨 Speedy Generation: Instant virtual credit card numbers at ... Documentation - How to calculate CVV - Algorythm. Step 1. Ensure a 2-part 16 byte key. That is 32 hex characters. We will call this "Key". Step 2. Ensure 16 or 19 digits PAN Card number. Step 3. Ensure 4 characters of Expiration Date. Virtual credit cards (VCCs) have emerged as a popular solution for easy and secure payment online. This article will delve into the world of VCCs, providing insights …Oct 20, 2023 · Use the date generator to generate a random date between chosen dates. What is a Date? A date typically refers to a specific day, month, and year, usually in the context of the Gregorian calendar, which is widely used internationally. It represents a point in time and is used to track and identify particular events, appointments, or occurrences. 1 day ago · A virtual credit card is a temporary digital version of your physical credit card. It allows you to shop online safely by masking your card’s sensitive information with a uniquely generated card number, expiration date and security code. Using a virtual credit card is like paying for every online transaction with a new credit card each time ... Bank Identification Number (“BIN”) Bank Identification Number (“BIN”) or Issuer identification number (“IIN”) is the first six digits of a bank card number or payment cards number and it is part of ISO/IEC 7812. It is commonly used in credit cards and debit cards, stored-value cards, gift cards and other similar cards.To associate your repository with the cc-generator topic, visit your repo's landing page and select "manage topics." GitHub is where people build software. More than 100 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 420 million projects.Étape 1 : Sélectionnez le PAYS ou laissez-le vide pour une valeur aléatoire. Étape 2 : Entrez le numéro CVV/CVC ou laissez-le vide pour une valeur aléatoire. Étape 3 : Sélectionnez le montant ARGENT aléatoire que vous souhaitez afficher sur les détails de la carte de bancaire. Étape 4 : Entrez la DATE D'EXPIRATION ou laissez-la vide ...Step 1: Enter the credit card number in the input field. Make sure that there are no spaces or dashes between the numbers. (If you need a test credit card number to validate, use our Credit Card Generator tool.) Step 2: Complete the CAPTCHA verification. Step 3: Click on the " VALIDATE " button and the credit card validator tool will do the ...Here you can download VCC Live's cloud contact center software to begin taking your operations to the next level. Product. Back to all pages. Call center. Explore our call center software for driving productivity, fueling automation, and delivering exceptional CX. Powering Decathlon's call center. VCCWave is a trusted platform that offers secure Virtual Credit Card (VCC) solutions. It provides a range of services, including a Free Virtual Credit Card Generator. With VCCWave's free tool, users can effortlessly generate valid virtual credit card numbers for various purposes such as testing and starting free trials. November 04, 2020 17:43. Select the Toolbox on the top menu, and then select the VCC Generator and click on the Stripe Issuing option. After selecting Stripe Issuing, you will be able to choose the number card (s) you wish to generate and set a daily spending limit for each card. Under API Key you will enter your Stripe Issuing Secret API Key ...4. Check out the details given on the right side which changes on the values. 5. Now, copy these values. That’s it. 6. However, we recommend you to Validate these card details using Validate Card button. 7. If you want to generate Visa Credit Cards in bulk, then click on Bulk Generator button.VCCWave is a trusted platform that offers secure Virtual Credit Card (VCC) solutions. It provides a range of services, including a Free Virtual Credit Card Generator. With VCCWave's free tool, users can effortlessly …VCC Generator is a virtual/fake credit card generator that gives you details like a fake credit card number, address, CVV code, and expiry date. It allows you to create credit cards for major companies in the market, such as MasterCard, Visa, American Express, JCB, Discover, etc. The details are generated according to the real credit card ... The credit card generator is a tool developed by bincheck.io to allow developers and you to create credit/debit card numbers according to the Luhn algorithm. You can generate as many of the card numbers as you need, you can generate just card numbers or with other card data like expiry dates and CVV/CVCs. All generated numbers are valid as they ... The discord-vcc-generator topic hasn't been used on any public repositories, yet. Explore topics Improve this page Add a description, image, and links to the discord-vcc-generator topic page so that developers can more easily learn about it. Curate this topic ...VCC Generator VCC Checker : Receive SMS Online Free: Create Mail Free: New Bin: support Copy Cards . vcc visa card and checker Lite v1.3 OPEN SOURCE PROJECTMulti-use VCCs: With low-friction onboarding, fraudsters may use bots to try and generate cards en masse. Physical credit card holders: Fraudsters may use stolen account details to apply for VCCs, potentially leading to false negative fraud checks when virtual card transactions are made. Other digital payment service users: Fraudsters may also ...

Every credit card number starts with six digits, the sort code, the same for all cards issued by that credit card company. So we offer a real fake visa credit card generator. Each cardholder's account number is in the next six to nine digits. The last digit is the check digit. The Luhn algorithm confirms the validity of a credit card number.. Studyable.app

vcc generetor

Step 1: Enter the credit card number in the input field. Make sure that there are no spaces or dashes between the numbers. (If you need a test credit card number to validate, use our Credit Card Generator tool.) Step 2: Complete the CAPTCHA verification. Step 3: Click on the " VALIDATE " button and the credit card validator tool will do the ... Most cardholders can access virtual account numbers these days thanks to digital wallets. Using virtual card numbers provides you with an extra layer of security without compromising your ability to pay for, return, exchange, or earn rewards on the items you buy. Normally, there is no monthly fee for generating virtual account numbers. Generate Random Data Attributes. The following list of data will be auto generated: Credit Card Details, IBAN, Swift Bic Number, Account Number. Generate Visa card Master Card, American Express card, JCB card Discover card, Diners card, Voyager card, enRoute card, and credit card number quickly. This credit card generator can generate credit cards for four credit card brands, and you can also choose whether you want the holder's name and the amount generated. Click on the credit card number text and the number will be automatically selected. It is convenient for you to copy and save. This credit card generator can generate credit cards ...Aug 4, 2023 · 3D Secure. Test a successful card payment: Go to the checkout page for your integration. Choose a test card from this list. Enter the card details in the hosted field, including the name on the card, billing address, and 2-character country code. Then submit the order. Confirm that the order was processed. Fake Name & Identity Generator: FauxID.com is a free tool to generate full fake identities with random First and Last Name, Address, Social Security Number, Credit Card, Phone Number, and more! Protect your privacy by only using your true identity when absolutely necessary. Random Test Credit Card Numbers Generator. Generate random test credit card numbers for testing, development,validation and/or verification purposes. Basic Advance. … Each credit card network has a slightly different layout of card numbers. Visa cards can be identified by the following two features: Visa card numbers begin with a ‘4’. They have a total of 13 or 16 digits. Some examples of Visa card numbers are: 4930 7981 1144 8417. 4811 7406 1378 2814. The Credit Card Number Generator is a specialized utility designed for testing environments. It generates valid yet fictitious credit card numbers, enabling testers to …Utilizzare i passaggi seguenti per generare un numero di carta di credito Visa. (Se desideri generare più numeri di carte di credito Visa, puoi farlo utilizzando il nostro generatore di carte di credito .) Passaggio 1: Selezionare il PAESE o lasciarlo vuoto per …Étape 1 : Sélectionnez le PAYS ou laissez-le vide pour une valeur aléatoire. Étape 2 : Entrez le numéro CVV/CVC ou laissez-le vide pour une valeur aléatoire. Étape 3 : Sélectionnez le montant ARGENT aléatoire que vous souhaitez afficher sur les détails de la carte de bancaire. Étape 4 : Entrez la DATE D'EXPIRATION ou laissez-la vide ...A JCB Credit Card Generator is a tool that can generate valid test JCB credit card details, such as the name, card number, CVV, and expiry date. JCB Credit Card Generator works by randomly generating valid JCB credit card details. This means that the details generated are not actually linked to a real credit card, and so can be used for testing ...VCC Generator - Virtual Credit Card Generator. 3.0 (2) Average rating 3 out of 5. 2 ratings. Google doesn't verify reviews. Learn more about results and reviews. Generate valid virtual credit card numbers for testing with VCC Generator - supports cards like Visa, Mastercard. Quick & secure!Namso Gen is live credit card generator that can give you credit card numbers instantly. These credit card numbers are created by algorithm and use for different testing related …Step # 1: Access the online credit card generator on SmallSEOTools. Step # 2: Select the card brand. Step # 3: Set expiration month and date. Step # 4: Write your required CVV …3D Secure. Test a successful card payment: Go to the checkout page for your integration. Choose a test card from this list. Enter the card details in the hosted field, including the name on the card, billing address, and 2-character country code. Then submit the order. Confirm that the order was processed.The easiest way to generate a triangle wave is to generate a square wave and then feed it to an integrator. Shown above is a basic square wave oscillator using the famous 555 timer in its astable configuration. This, too, is a relaxation oscillator. R1, R7, and C2 set the frequency, and when R1 and R7 are equal, the mark-space ratio becomes ...Credit Card Generated Features. 100% Valid Credit Card Numbers. Generate up to 999 values per click! Luhn algorithm checked. With credit card number validator. Major industry identifier added. 100% FREE to generate Credit Cards. Used for data testing and verification purposes. With random names, address. The Luhn algorithm starts by the end of the number, from the last right digit to the first left digit. Multiplying by 2 all digits of even rank. If the double of a digit is equal or superior to 10, replace it by the sum of its digits. Realize the sum s s of all digits found. The control digit c c is equal to c=(10−(s mod 10)) mod 10 c = ( 10 ... Generate valid credit card numbers for testing and educational purposes. Supports all major card types with options for BIN selection. Ideal for developers and educators..

Popular Topics